Along with LPs, audio tape, and dial-up modems, children of the future might wonder what a "power cord" was. A team of researchers from MIT has demonstrated such a future, when they were recently able to light a 60-watt light bulb from an unconnected source about seven feet away.
Dubbed "WiTricity," as in "wireless electricity," the research has been published in the June 7 issue of Science Express, an online publication of the esteemed journal, Science.
Team leader Professor Marin Soljacic describes the "eureka" moment as one he experienced in his pajamas a few years ago. He was looking at his cell phone on the kitchen counter. "It was probably the sixth time that month that I was awakened by my cell phone beeping to let me know that I had forgotten to charge it," he said in a statement. "It occurred to me that it would be so great if the thing took care of its own charging."
Transmitting Wireless Power
That sparked him, so to speak, to think about what kind of processes could transmit power wirelessly. Electromagnetic radiation spreads in all directions, which is great to disseminate radio waves but not great for directing power transmission. A directed stream, such as one carried by lasers, requires line of sight and would be very tricky for following a moving target.
Instead, Soljacic and his team chose "coupled resonance." Two objects that have the same resonant frequency can transmit energy with efficiency, and reject interaction with nonresonant objects. The opera singer who sings exactly the right note, loud enough, can break a wine glass if it is precisely tuned to her resonant frequency by the level of the wine in the glass. Any other wine glasses just ignore her.
While such acoustical resonance wasn't exactly the answer, the MIT team focused on magnetically coupled resonators. Two electromagnetic resonators can be coupled through their magnetic fields, even over a distance several times larger than the objects themselves. Plus, ordinary materials and living organisms respond only very weakly to magnetic fields.
No Global Plans Just Yet
Two copper coils, each a self-resonant system, become the resonant couple. One is attached to a power source and acts as the transmitter. It emits a nonradiative magnetic field that is oscillating in the MHz range. The other coil resonates with this field, and receives the transmission. MIT physics undergraduate Robert Moffatt noted that this arrangement means that "most of the power not picked up by the receiving coil remains bound to the vicinity of the sending unit, instead of being radiated into the environment and lost." (continued...)
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